Analysis: Generational change in the Roman Curia and body of cardinals is coming in 2025
The College of Cardinals celebrates Mass March 12, 2013, before entering the Sistine Chapel for the papal conclave. / Credit: Jeffrey Bruno/CNA
Rome Newsroom, Feb 24, 2025 / 06:00 am (CNA).
The retirement on Jan. 25 of Cardinal Oswald Gracias as archbishop of Bombay and the end of the 30-year “reign” of Cardinal Christoph Schönborn as archbishop of Vienna have triggered a vast generational turnover in the Roman Curia and around the world.
The sweeping changes involve the cardinal residential bishops, with seven of them reaching 75 years of age in 2025; in the Roman Curia, there will be eight cardinal heads of dicasteries who will exceed or have already exceeded the limit of 75 years of age during 2025.
There is additionally a very special case in the Diocese of Rome. On Jan. 28, Pope Francis appointed Bishop Paolo Ricciardi, auxiliary bishop of Rome, to be bishop of the small Italian Diocese of Jesi. His departure marked the next step in what has been nearly a complete overhaul of the diocese.
*Diocese of Rome *
Pope Francis has changed the entire leadership of the Diocese of Rome. Cardinal Baldassare Reina, the pope’s vicar for the Diocese of Rome, is currently left with only three auxiliary bishops: Renato Tarantelli Baccari, whom the pope has also appointed vicegerent of the Diocese of Rome; Benoni Ambarus; and Michele Di Tolve.
Baccari is the only territorial auxiliary covering Rome’s southern sector. Ambarus is auxiliary with a delegation for Charity, Migrants, Roma, and Sinti (a nomadic people primarily living in Central Europe), while Di Tolve is an auxiliary with a special delegation for seminaries.
Therefore, two of the four sectors into which the territory of the Diocese of Rome is divided remain vacant: the eastern sector — until now entrusted to Ricciardi — and the north, entrusted to Bishop Daniele Salera. Baccari leads the southern sector, and the western sector is led by Reina.* *
In the last year, Rome has lost five auxiliaries, including Reina himself, who had been transferred to Italy or the Vatican to take on other roles.
In addition to Ricciardi, the auxiliaries who have been reassigned are: Bishop Riccardo Lamba, appointed archbishop of Udine; Bishop Daniele Libanori, appointed pope’s assessor for consecrated life; Bishop Dario Gervasi, appointed adjunct secretary of the Dicastery for the Laity, the Family, and Life; and Salera, appointed bishop of Ivrea.
The reorganization of the Diocese of Rome began in 2024 with the transfer of the cardinal vicar of Rome, Cardinal Angelo de Donatis, to the far less influential office of major penitentiary. The Office of the Penitentiary is the office of the most ancient tribunal of the Roman Curia. It is one of the three ordinary tribunals of the Holy See, and it is a tribunal of mercy. The penitentiary mostly deals with issues related to the forgiveness of sins. As important as it is for the Catholic Church, it is certainly a less influential post than the vicar of the Diocese of Rome, who administers the pope’s diocese in the most important Italian city.
*The latest cardinal successions *
In 2025, there have already been three cardinal archiepiscopal sees that have seen successions: the Archdiocese of Washington, which will be entrusted to Cardinal Robert McElroy; the Archdiocese of Vienna, for now entrusted to an apostolic administrator sede vacante; and the Archdiocese of Mumbai (Bombay), which will be led by John Rodrigues, who was appointed just two months after he was nominated coadjutor and just two days after taking possession of his new post.
Gracias, who turned 80 in December, would as a result typically lose his position on the Council of Cardinals. Nothing, however, has been said about this. Pope Francis may wait until spring when Cardinal Fernando Vérgez, president of the Vatican City State administration, will also turn 80. At that point, the pope could reshuffle the Council of Cardinals, replacing Vergez, Gracias, and Cardinal Sean O’Malley of Boston (who also turned 80 last year). Cardinal Vincent Nichols of Westminster, England, meanwhile, will turn 80 in November.
*The residential cardinals *
Meanwhile, the new year brings a group of prominent cardinals turning 75, the age at which they are required to submit their letters of resignation to the Holy Father. The pope, of course, has the option of whether and when to accept their retirements.
On Jan. 9, Cardinal Carlos Aguiar Retes, archbishop of Mexico City, was the first residential cardinal in 2025 to turn 75. Pope Francis has chosen to defer his retirement indefinitely.
On Feb. 6, Cardinal Timothy Dolan, archbishop of New York, reached retirement age, and on Feb. 28, Cardinal Carlos Castillo Mattasoglio, made a cardinal only in the last consistory, will do the same.
On June 23, Cardinal Orani Joao Tempesta, who leads the Archdiocese of Rio de Janeiro, will have to present his resignation due to age limits, and on July 9 it will be the turn of Cardinal Ignatius Suharjo Hardjoatmodjo, archbishop of Jakarta. On Sept. 1, Cardinal Oscar Cantoni, bishop of Como, Italy, turns 75, and Cardinal Leonardo Ulrich Steiner, archbishop of Manaus, reaches retirement age on Nov. 6.
They are joined by two cardinals who are already retired and who will turn 75 in 2025: Kazimierz Nycz, archbishop emeritus of Warsaw, Poland, and Philippe Barbarin, archbishop emeritus of Lyon, France.
There is also a large group of residential cardinals who turned 75 over the last few years. They include: Cardinal Alvaro Leonel Ramazzini Imeri, 77, of Huehuetenango, Guatemala; Cardinal Albert Ranjith Patabendige Don, 77; Cardinal Juan de la Caridad García Rodríguez, 76, of Havana, Cuba; Cardinal Berhaneyesus Demerew Souraphiel, CM, 76, of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Cardinal Blase Cupich of Chicago, 75; Cardinal James Michael Harvey, 75, archpriest of St. Paul Outside the Walls Basilica; Nichols, 79, archbishop of Westminster; and Cardinal Juan Josè Omella Omella, 78, archbishop of Barcelona.
*The Roman Curia *
Aside from Cardinal Fernando Vergez, there are several heads of dicasteries in the Roman Curia who are approaching 80 or who have also passed the age of 75 and so could be replaced. They include Cardinal Stanisław Ryłko, archpriest of the Basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore, who will turn 80 in July and is expected to be succeeded by recently created Cardinal Rolandas Makrickas, currently coadjutor archpriest; Cardinal Michael Czerny, the 78-year-old prefect of the Dicastery for Promoting Integral Human Development, who is expected to serve at least until he turns 80; Cardinal Kevin Farrell, prefect of the Dicastery for the Laity, the Family, and Life, who is 77; and Cardinal Marcello Semeraro, prefect of the Dicastery for the Causes of Saints, who is also 77.
There are three top positions in the Roman Curia whose holders will reach the age of 75 and could thus be replaced. On March 6, Cardinal Arthur Roche turns 75, having been prefect of the Dicastery for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments since 2021.
On March 15, Cardinal Kurt Koch will turn 75. Koch has led since 2010 the Dicastery for Promoting Christian Unity — called the Pontifical Council until the reform of the Curia in 2022. On March 24, Archbishop Vincenzo Zani will also reach retirement age: He has been archivist and librarian of the Holy See since 2022.
Finally, two cardinals who serve as nuncios, Cardinal Mario Zenari, nuncio to Syria, and Cardinal Christophe Pierre, nuncio to the United States, are both 79 but are expected to remain at their diplomatic posts until they turn 80.
*The College of Cardinals *
In 2025, 14 cardinals will leave the list of cardinal electors, while in 2024, there were 13. This is a substantial generational turnover, which could also change the composition of the conclave.
It should not be forgotten that this January the five-year term of office of the dean and sub-dean of the College of Cardinals expires. These are Cardinal Giovanni Battista Re, 90, and Cardinal Leonardo Sandri, 81. There are no precedents because it is the first time that the heads of the College of Cardinals have been appointed to five-year terms. It is, therefore, impossible to predict how long it will take for the successions.
Feb. 14 marked 10 years since the second consistory of Pope Francis. As known, cardinals are divided in three ranks: cardinals bishops, cardinals priests, and cardinals deacons. These three ranks mirror the ancient division of a cardinal’s duty. Cardinal bishops are entrusted with the ancient suburbicarian Diocese of Rome — though Pope Francis expanded the order in 2018, including some personal appointments. Cardinals priests were in Church of Rome churches, and cardinal deacons were in charge of the administration of the six offices of the Roman Palace and of the seven departments of the Diocese of Rome.
After 10 years, in fact, cardinal deacons can opt to pass to the order of cardinal presbyters, as established by the Code of Canon Law, in Canon 350, paragraphs 5 and 6.
This means that at the first consistory, the French Cardinal Dominique Mamberti, prefect of the Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signatura, should leave the office of cardinal protodeacon to Zenari, apostolic nuncio to Syria. The cardinal protodeacon is the one who announces the “habemus papam.”
Likewise, Zenari could opt for the order of cardinal presbyters in November 2026, the 10th anniversary of the pope’s third consistory. It will then eventually be Farrell, prefect of the Dicastery for the Laity, the Family, and Life and cardinal camerlengo, who will have the title of cardinal protodeacon.